Amphetamines

Amphetamine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant medication that is widely used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, which help to improve focus, attention, and impulse control.

However, their powerful effects on the brain also make them highly susceptible to misuse, dependency, and adverse side effects.

Amphetamines is indeed registered with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

What Are Amphetamines?

Amphetamines are synthetic stimulant drugs that affect chemicals in the brain and nerves contributing to hyperactivity and impulse control. These substances increase the levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine, improving focus, alertness, and energy levels.

Common Brand Names and Variants

• Adderall (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine)
• Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine)
• Evekeo (amphetamine sulfate)
• Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine)

These medications are available in different formulations including tablets, capsules, and extended-release versions.

Uses

Amphetamines have a variety of medical uses, although their prescription is tightly regulated.

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

This medication are among the first-line treatments for ADHD. They help:

• Improve attention span
• Reduce impulsive behavior
• Decrease hyperactivity

By increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the prefrontal cortex, these drugs enhance cognitive control and help patients maintain focus on tasks.

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that causes excessive daytime drowsiness and sudden sleep attacks. This medication act as wakefulness-promoting agents by stimulating the brain’s arousal systems, thereby helping patients stay awake and alert during the day.

Obesity (Short-term Use)

In certain cases, amphetamines are used off-label or for short-term treatment of obesity. They suppress appetite and increase energy expenditure, although their long-term use for weight loss is not generally recommended due to the risk of dependence.

Treatment-Resistant Depression (Off-label Use)

Some psychiatrists may prescribe amphetamines off-label for patients with major depressive disorder who do not respond well to conventional antidepressants. The stimulant properties may temporarily lift mood and energy levels, but this approach is controversial and closely monitored.

Common Side Effects

Like all medications, amphetamines can cause side effects. These can range from mild to severe, depending on the dose, duration of use, and individual physiology.

Common Side Effects

• Insomnia or trouble sleeping
• Dry mouth
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Nervousness or anxiety
• Dizziness
• Increased heart rate
• Headache
• Gastrointestinal issues (nausea, diarrhea)

Psychological Side Effects

• Irritability
• Mood swings
• Euphoria (in high doses)
• Restlessness or jitteriness

Serious Side Effects

Seek medical attention if any of the following occur:

• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Severe headache
• Seizures
• Unusual behavior or hallucinations
• Signs of psychosis (delusions, paranoia)

Long-term Risks and Dependency

Amphetamines have a high potential for abuse and addiction, especially when not taken as prescribed. Long-term use can lead to:

• Physical dependence
• Psychological addiction
• Tolerance (requiring higher doses for the same effect)
• Withdrawal symptoms (fatigue, depression, sleep disturbances)

In some cases, chronic misuse can cause amphetamine-induced psychosis, characterized by hallucinations and paranoid delusions.

Warnings and Precautions

Before starting this medication, it’s essential to understand specific medical conditions that may increase the risks associated with this medication.

Who Should Not Take Amphetamines?

Avoid amphetamines if you have:

• A history of heart disease, including arrhythmia or recent heart attack
• Uncontrolled hypertension
• Hyperthyroidism
• Glaucoma
• A history of drug or alcohol abuse
• Severe anxiety disorders or psychosis
• Known hypersensitivity or allergic reaction to ampheta-mines

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Amphetamines are classified as Category C drugs in pregnancy, meaning they may pose a risk to the fetus. Consult your doctor if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.

Mental Health Concerns

This medication can worsen symptoms of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Patients with a history of psychiatric illness should be carefully monitored.

Growth Suppression in Children

Long-term use in pediatric patients can cause slowed growth. Pediatricians typically monitor height and weight during treatment.

Drug Interactions

Amphetamines can interact with several other medications and substances, potentially leading to dangerous outcomes.

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Using this medication with MAO inhibitors (e.g., phenelzine, selegiline) can cause hypertensive crisis and is strictly contraindicated.

Antidepressants

Certain antidepressants (especially tricyclics and SSRIs) can increase amphetamine levels in the bloodstream, raising the risk of side effects and serotonin syndrome.

Antacids

Alkalinizing agents such as sodium bicarbonate can increase amphetamine absorption, potentially leading to overdose.

Antihypertensive Medications

Amphetamines can reduce the effectiveness of blood pressure medications, making it harder to manage hypertension.

Alcohol

Combining amphetamines and alcohol increases the risk of heart problems, impaired judgment, and neurotoxicity.

Always inform your healthcare provider about all prescription, over-the-counter, and herbal medications you are taking.

How to Take Amphetamines Safely?

Dosing Guidelines

• Take exactly as prescribed.
• Typically taken once or twice daily (depending on the formulation).
• Extended-release versions are often taken in the morning to avoid insomnia.

Administration Tips

• Take with or without food.
• Avoid taking late in the day.
• Do not crush or chew extended-release capsules.

What to Do if You Miss a Dose?

If you miss a dose:

• Take it as soon as you remember, unless it’s close to the next dose or late in the day.
• If it’s near bedtime, skip the missed dose to avoid insomnia.
• Do not double up to make up for a missed dose.

Amphetamine Overdose: What to Know

Signs of Overdose

• Agitation
• Rapid breathing
• Hallucinations
• Confusion
• High fever
• Muscle breakdown
• Seizures
• Unconsciousness
• Cardiac arrest

An overdose of amphetamines can be life-threatening and requires immediate emergency medical attention.

What To Do in Case of Overdose

• Call emergency services right away (e.g., 911 in the U.S.).
• Do not attempt to induce vomiting unless instructed by a medical professional.
• Keep the person calm and in a safe place.

Managing Withdrawal Symptoms

Withdrawal from amphetamines can occur if you stop taking them abruptly after long-term use.

Common Withdrawal Symptoms

• Depression
• Fatigue
• Sleep disturbances
• Increased appetite
• Irritability
• Cravings

Tapering Off

• Never stop this medication suddenly without consulting a doctor.
• Tapering the dose gradually under medical supervision can help minimize withdrawal symptoms.

Alternatives to Amphetamines

For those who cannot tolerate or do not respond well to amphetamines, alternative treatments for ADHD and narcolepsy include:

Non-Stimulant Medications

• Atomoxetine (Strattera)
• Guanfacine (Intuniv)
• Clonidine (Kapvay)

Behavioral and Lifestyle Interventions

• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
• Sleep hygiene and scheduled naps (for narcolepsy)
• Diet and exercise improvements
• Mindfulness training

Legal Status and Controlled Substance Classification

Amphetamines are classified as Schedule II controlled substances under the U.S. Controlled Substances Act due to their high potential for abuse and dependence.

• Legal possession requires a valid prescription.
• Distribution or misuse can result in serious legal consequences.

Storing and Disposing of Amphetamines

Storage

• Store at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct sunlight.
• Keep out of reach of children and pets.

Disposal

• Do not flush down the toilet.
• Use take-back programs or follow local pharmacy disposal instructions.

Conclusion

Amphetamines can be a highly effective treatment for conditions like ADHD and narcolepsy when used responsibly under medical supervision. However, due to their stimulant nature, they carry a significant risk of side effects, dependency, and abuse. Understanding how to take these medications safely, recognize adverse reactions, and manage potential complications is essential for patients and caregivers alike.

If you’re considering amphetamine-based treatment or are currently using one, it’s important to maintain open communication with your healthcare provider, attend follow-up appointments, and never adjust your dosage without medical advice.

Disclaimer: This blog post is intended for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Always consult a licensed healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment of any medical condition.

Frequenlty Asked Questions About Amphetamines